What Is a Septic System?

A septic system is an underground wastewater treatment system commonly used in areas without centralized sewer service. It safely treats and disposes of wastewater from your home, including water from sinks, toilets, showers, and laundry.

A traditional septic system has two main parts:

• Septic Tank

• Drain Field (Leach Field)

How a Septic Tank Works

When wastewater leaves your home, it flows into the septic tank. Inside the tank:

• Heavy solids settle to the bottom (sludge)

• Oils and grease float to the top (scum)

• The liquid wastewater in the middle flows out to the drain field

Naturally occurring bacteria break down solid waste, but solids still accumulate over time. That’s why routine septic pumping is necessary to prevent backups and system failure.

How the Drain Field Works

After leaving the septic tank, the partially treated liquid enters the drain field. Here, wastewater slowly filters through gravel and soil, which naturally removes harmful bacteria, viruses, and nutrients before the water safely returns to the groundwater.

Keeping your drain field healthy is critical. Avoid driving, parking, or placing heavy structures over it.

How Often Should You Pump Your Septic Tank?

Most septic tanks should be pumped every 3–5 years, but this depends on:

• Household size

• Water usage

• Tank size

• Garbage disposal use

Regular pumping helps prevent costly repairs and extends the life of your system.

Common Signs of Septic Problems

Call a professional if you notice:

• Slow drains throughout the house

• Gurgling pipes

• Sewage odors inside or outside

• Standing water or soggy areas in the yard

• Backups in sinks, tubs, or toilets

Early detection can save thousands in repairs.

What NOT to Flush or Drain

To protect your septic system, never flush or pour:

• “Flushable” wipes

• Paper towels

• Feminine hygiene products

• Grease or cooking oil

• Harsh chemicals or cleaners

Only human waste and toilet paper should be flushed.

Simple Septic Maintenance Tips

• Conserve water to avoid overloading the system

• Spread out laundry loads

• Schedule routine inspections

• Keep service records

• Protect your drain field from heavy traffic

Types of Septic Systems

There are several types of systems depending on soil conditions and property size:

• Conventional septic systems

• Aerobic Treatment Units (ATUs)

• Mound systems

A professional can help determine the best system for your property.

When to Call a Septic Professional

If you’re experiencing backups, odors, or drainage issues, it’s important to act quickly. Professional inspections, pumping, and repairs ensure your system operates safely and efficiently.